Factors that Shaped the Invention and Development of...

Factors that Shaped the Invention and Development of Television in the UK Up to 1939 In this essay I intend to discuss the factors that shaped the invention and development of television in the UK up to 1939; these include the social, cultural, political and scientific factors that took place as well as the many technological changes. I will then conclude by determining the most important aspects of its development. Technological developments ========================== The essence of the television began in the early nineteenth century with the development of the telephone and the telegraph. These communication devices can be seen as a more technical version to the way Native American†¦show more content†¦During the early 1930’s a rivalry erupted between a new broadcasting company, EMI (Electrical and Musical Industries Ltd) and Baird’s company (Baird Television Ltd), and so the Selsdon Committee was founded by the British Government to settle the dispute. This committee decided that it would be the BBC who would regulate between broadcasters and would use a transmission scanning system of 240 lines. In November 1936 regular television broadcasts began and with the more efficient broadcasts of EMI (using scanning of 240 lines), as opposed to Baird Television Ltd (using only scanning of 120 lines), EMI became the dominant leader of the two. By the year 1938 five thousand television sets had been sold and in a period of one year this grew to eighteen thousand. Still, on a national scale, this was only showing the small interest in purchasing a television set and was due to the high price of manufacture as well as its high purchase price. The weak transmissions were also initially accountable for the lack of interest as not many areas of the U.K. were able to receive the signal- what was the point in purchasing a set when it couldn’t be watched anyway? The television might have taken on an entirely different form. Akin to the telephone it could have been used as a two-way device and showing images of both of its users at eitherShow MoreRelatedElectronic Media vs Print (Thesis Paper)13276 Words   |  54 Pagesand its Popularity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Radio†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦6 Humble Beginnings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......6 From Navigation to News and Entertainment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......................†¦8 The â€Å"New† Radio: Digital Satellite†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 Television†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦12 Small Screen, Big Possibilities†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Now in Color†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..†¦.15 HDTV†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..16 Internet†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......†¦.17 â€Å"For Government Use Only†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreCorporate Identity10953 Words   |  44 Pages2002 W O R K I N G PA P E R S E R I E S The six identities are described below. Each identity type is descibed in terms of its (a) dimensions (b) stakeholders, and (c) key concepts. Actual identity (a) The current attributes of the corporation, shaped by corporate ownership, leadership style of management, organizational structure, business activities and markets covered, the range and quality of products and services delivered and overall business performance. The values held by managers and employeesRead MoreChildrens Literature13219 Words   |  53 Pageschildrens books result from the collaboration or direct inspiration of a specific child or group of children with an adult author. James Barries friendship with the Lewelyn Davies boys resulted in the play Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Would Not Grow Up (1904) and the novel Peter and Wendy (1911). The bedtime stories that A.A. Milne told his son Christopher Robin were revised into Winnie-the-Pooh (1926). 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This is a book that deserves to achieve a wide readership. Professor Stephen Ackroyd, Lancaster University, UK This new textbook usefully situates organization theory within the scholarly debates on modernism and postmodernism, and provides an advanced introduction to the heterogeneous study of organizations, including chapters on phenomenology, critical theoryRead MoreOpportunities23827 Words   |  96 Pagesin Tokyo was a hot day—95 degrees Fahrenheit with almost 100% humidity. â€Å"I had no idea Tokyo could be so hot,† Schultz remembered. But Japanese customers, he could see, were not deterred. Customers filled the store from opening to closing, lining up 40 to 50 people deep to try Starbucks coffee. Businessmen in suits came, as did elegantly dressed women and students with books and backpacks. Some customers bought Frappuccino ® blended coffee drinks, which Starbucks had invented a year earlier.Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. 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The First Wave Of Feminism - 1230 Words

This may seem conflicting with the whole baby boom phenomenon, and although the boom of children born after World War II did occur, the divorces still occurred after the rush of a rash marriage had passed and women’s husbands had returned from war alive. An important component of the historical timeline is the change in the role of women in society. Women had experienced change during the first wave of feminism and gained suffrage, but during the second wave feminism women experienced a change that greatly altered their lives and consequently, the relationships they shared with others. The first wave of feminism was concerned about suffrage and establish rights as people and equality in regards to property law (The Famous Five and the†¦show more content†¦Statistics Canada). These changes in legislature aids those who would have had difficulties in obtaining a divorce otherwise. Women are no longer forced to stay in a marriage in order to be financially stable because they are able to support themselves. Therefore, when problems in the marriage arise, divorce as a solution increases in likelihood because there is no incentive to remain in the marriage if one is unhappy, unwilling to be further committed in the relationship, and if ending the relationship would not affect financial stability. There are many factors that can contribute to divorce; however, factors that affect the amount of marriages that occur also directly affect the amount of divorce. The liberation of women and their breakthrough into the workforce not only changed history and the rate of marriages in the first place, but this also changed the way society defines a â€Å"typical family† and specifically the way women are viewed within the typical family. Prior to the second wave of feminism, women were expected to be housewives; women were expected to take care of their children, cook meals, and clean the house. Starting in the 1960’s, however, women would opt to obtain jobs as well as keep their current responsibilities as a housewife. For some women, they would trade their family entirely for their careers. It is not a coincidence that divorce reached an ultimate high

Global Inequality Caused by Consumption Free Essays

Core issue: consumption causes global inequality. Global inequality is the inequality in distribution of income and wealth between rich and poor countries. A concentration of wealth is in the hands of very small number of people. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Inequality Caused by Consumption or any similar topic only for you Order Now A study by the World Institute for Development Economics Research at United Nations University reports that the richest 1% of adults alone owned 40% of global assets in the year 2000, and that the richest 10% of adults accounted for 85% of the world total. The bottom half of the world adult population owned barely 1% of global wealth. According to the wealth concentration theory, those who already hold wealth have the means to invest in new sources of creating wealth or to otherwise leverage the accumulation of wealth, thus are the beneficiaries of the new wealth. Over time, wealth condensation can significantly contribute to the persistence of inequality within society. This correlation between being rich and earning more is also contributed by plutocracy: the ability of the rich to influence government disproportionately to their favor thereby increasing their wealth. This unjust global trade regime as a primary cause in increasing global inequality ————– Wealth and poverty make life different in a host of ways. health, education, literacy, child labour, employment, gender, political participation, higher level in countries with higher income Compare their economic productivity–gt;classify countries. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) amp; Gross National Income (GNI) The World Bank uses GNI per person to classify countries. Low income (P559) For example, workforces in China, much of which is well trained and educated and now receive extremely low wages-sometimes less than one-twentieth of hat workers earn in comparable jobs in the developed countries. These institutionalised inequalities result in greater marginalisation within society. The report emphasises the inevitable social disintegration, violence and national and international terrorism that this inequality fosters. Ironically, the diversion of social development funds to national/international security and military operations produces further deprivation and marginalization, thus creating a vicious cycle. How to cite Global Inequality Caused by Consumption, Papers

Hospital Following Diagnosis Of Pneumonia †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Hospital Following Diagnosis Of Pneumonia? Answer: Introducation The case study proceedings revealed that Betty, an 85 year old woman was admitted to the emergency department (ED) of the hospital following diagnosis of pneumonia. She was put on medications and therapeutic interventions. After that, on the same day she was transferred to a 4 bedded respiratory ward that was located some distant away from the nurse station. Further, it was stated that Betty did not possess any Advanced Care Plan, although medical power of attorney lied with her daughter, Jane. Jane pointed out to the attending nurse whether her mother was given her usual morning medications that upon verification by the staff was found out that her usual medications was not recorded in her medication chart. Considering the medical history of Betty it is imperative for her to bide by her prescribed medications to improve clinical outcomes. It is the duty of the nurse to conform to the standards code of practice and engage in critical thinking for understanding the difficulties and at risk condition of the patient that was breached in this case (Kong et al., 2014). Nurses did not make a note of her prescribed medications that might thwart her condition. Empirical evidences suggest that adherence to medications hold the potential for improving the benefits of prescribed medications (Nieuwlaat et al., 2014). However, non-compliance to medications in Bettys case due to lack of proper prudence and conformance to the expected duties by the nursing professionals might have thwarted her condition. She is likely to exhibit symptoms of illness and difficulties due to skipping of her usual medications. Positive perceptions of care through medication adherence have been indicated in patients through valid research study (Tinelli et al., 2015). Further, while leaving from the hospital Jane informed the nurse in charge of the shift that her mother was a bit confused and quite not herself as opposed to her alert and oriented self. She gave out her necessary contact details to the nurse in case she was required to be approached. On the same night, Betty was just once attended by the concerned nurse who left to address other patients in later hours. A lack of clinical supervision round the clock for Betty was clearly evident as she was left all by herself in the ward alongside other patients. It has been referred to in literature that adequate supervision is indispensable for patients who has recently been hospitalized due to significant physical ailment and is crucial in determining the signs and symptoms for either improvement or deterioration as applicable to the patient situation (White, 2017). On that night itself, Betty sustained injuries due to fracture of the neck of femur because of fall and had laceration in her forehead. This was reported under the alacrity of a fellow patient who rang the bell and call out for help to make the nurse aware of her condition. Following this discovery, Betty was put under subsequent treatment and reviewed by ortho pedic team and was suggested for a surgery a week later. Infection developed due to defective wound healing at the site of hip wound. Impaired wound healing following improper care and intervention might lead to adverse outcomes in concerned patients (Dreifke, Jayasuriya Jayasuriya, 2015). Thus, these were the identified clinical practice issues of concern relevant to Bettys care during hospitalization where negligence of the nursing staff to carefully acknowledge her condition and working in conformity to the established standards of practice were noted. The Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care (ACSQHC) has laid down propositions pertaining to National Safety and Quality Health Service (NSQHS) standards. The Standards aim to address the following areas encompassing governance for safety and quality in health service organizations, partnering with consumers, preventing and controlling healthcare associated infections, medication safety as well as patient identification and procedure matching. Other standards catered to the needs relevant to clinical handover, blood and blood products, preventing and managing pressure injuries, recognizing and responding to clinical deterioration in acute health care in addition preventing falls and harm from falls. All these standards have been suggested in order to render protection from possible harm thereby enhancing the quality of health service provision. A total of 10 Standards have been proposed in this context that is to be abided by the concerned healthcare professionals and the organization to harbor holistic outcomes (Safetyandquality.gov.au, 2017). However, pertinent to Bettys case, a serious breach of certain standards were evident that threatened the clinical outcome of the service recipient due to medical negligence and violation. A breach of Standard 2 that stated for partnering with consumers was noted. It has been mentioned that a medical power of attorney rested with Bettys daughter Jane who gave out her necessary contact details in case of any medical emergency. However, the nurses failed to inform her on account of her fall on the night of hospitalization that resulted in fracture of the neck of femur. Consumer participation has been identified as a vital factor that drives the efficacy of nursing intervention (Happell et al., 2015). Standard 4 related to medication safety were also violated as nurses did not make a note of Bettys usual medications until pointed out be her daughter. Moreover, a clear lack of nursing diagnosis and undert aking of prudent nursing interventions was noted following transfer of Betty to the respiratory ward where she was left all by herself without any nurse to supervise her condition all the time. A round the clock lack of monitoring of the patient condition might lead to adverse consequences in patient because of dearth of acknowledging the crisis symptoms and carrying out prudent interventions likewise (Park, 2014). In this regard, breach of Standard 9 is observed as the nurses failed to recognize and respond to clinical deterioration in acute healthcare that lead to her injuries related to fracture of the neck of femur due to fall. Thus the Standard 10 was also breached as prevention from falls and harm from falls could not be mitigated by the nursing professional. Moreover, breach of Standard 3 was also noted in case of Betty whereby occurrence of post-operative infections due to impaired wound healing at the site of hip was observed thus confirming the lack of measures to prevent and control healthcare associated infections. Wound assessment and consecutive measures to control the wound has been identified vital in nursing vocation to offer quicker recovery and pragmatic interventions for generating positive outcomes relevant to the patient (Greatrex?White Moxey, 2015). Hence, it may be said that violations pertinent to Standard, 2, 3, 4, 9 and 10 was recorded in case of Betty during her hospitalization. The review of Mrs. Betty case and the type of care given to her during hospitalization revealed many breaches in care according to the National Health and Safety Standards of Australia. According to the negligence and attitude of staffs towards caring for Betty, the main standards that were violated included the following: Standard 2: Partnering with consumers Standard 3: Preventing and controlling healthcare associated infection Standard 4: Medication safety Standard 9: Recognizing and responding to clinical deterioration in acute health care Standard 10: Preventing fall and harm from falls (National Safety and Quality Health Service Standards, (2012) Among the above mentioned standards, the main standards that lead to clinical practices issues includes standards 2 and standards 9. Standard 2 is related to partnering with consumers. This means that health service organization should have a system in place to support patients and carers to improve the quality of care. It also means that patients as well as other family members of patient must be involved in the well-being of patient. The patient and their relative must receive all information related to progress of patients or any issues during treatment (National Safety and Quality Health Service Standards. (2012). However, in case of Betty, this standard was not followed. Although Bettys daughter has asked the nursing staff to call immediately if there was any change in Bettys condition, but they did not informed her when she fell down and had a laceration in her forehead. The health care staff could have maintained standard 2 of quality and safety by the following steps: The hospital staff should have engaged in partnership with patient and their family members by sharing information in an ongoing manner and informing them about any untoward incidents immediately. They could have informed Bettys daughter when she had fallen immediately. In the absence of Jane, her mother Betty sustained a fall and fractured her hip. In this situation, the hospital staff should have called Jane immediately and involved her in decision making about safety and quality of care. Carman et al., (2013) mentions that patient and family engagement creates a pathway for high quality and efficient care. Different forms of engagement related to consultation, information and partnership for health care decision making promotes health and well-being of patient. This could have prevented Jane from raising a complaint with the Patient Advocate Officer. The health care staff should have implemented patient and family centered care by responding to all concerns of health consumers. Consumers should have direct access to patients record and entire experience during care. This form of patient centered care promotes recognition, respect, dignity and individualization in care (Michael et al., 2014). Interprofessional collaboration should have occurred in a professional manner so that patient like Betty do not have negative experience during hospital stay. In Bettys case, staff lacked knowledge about medications and did not communicated in response to symptoms of disorientation in patient. However, they could have maintained a positive relationship with patients and family members by having knowledge about patients history and frequently communicating about patients condition (Reeves et al., 2015). Active response in relation to Janes concern of disorientation symptoms found in her mother could have prevented fracture in the neck of femur. Another standard that was seriously breached in Bettys case included standard 9 which is recognizing and responding to clinical deterioration in acute health care. The health care staff looking after Betty could have maintained standard 9 by taking the following initiative and actions: In case of Betty who was admitted following episode of high temperature and chest congestion, her daughter Jane repeatedly told that her mother was not her usual self in hospital and was disoriented. But, the staff did not took any responsive step. This could have been corrected by following standard 9 of National Health and Safety. Firstly, it is important that all staffs be aware of the need to recognize and respond to clinical deterioration in health care. The main protocol that they should follow includes regular measurement and documentation of patient observations, escalation of care and clear communication about clinical deterioration (National Safety and Quality Health Service Standards, 2012). When Jane reported about the disoriented state of her mother, the action that the staffs should have taken as part of standard 9 was to engage in mechanism and process for recording physiological observations. The nursing staff should measure respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, heart rate, BP and level of consciousness in patient to detect specific physiological abnormalities and plan accordingly to address them. Bogossian et al., (2014) has also reported that early recognition and situation awareness is necessary for timely response and safety of patient. It is also necessary for health care organization to refine the recognition and response skill of health care staff. This will enable appropriate response to patient deterioration and improve clinical performance too. The next step after identifying clinical deterioration through physical observation is to communicate effectively with other clinicians and care staffs. According to the patients condition, the nursing staffs can escalate the frequency of observation and modify nursing interventions at staff level too. If the finanacial examination reveals any extra attention and care for patients, then immediate action should be taken at the early stages of deterioration. This can help avoid negative incidences like fall, injuries or deterioration of clinical condition of patients (Fisher King, 2013). Another critical step that all nursing staff should follow is that they must adhere to the escalation protocol during emergency cases. An appropriate clinical protocol is one which clearly outlines the following process to staffs: Frequency of observations needed Possible interventions during different types of clinical deterioration Communicating and collaborating with staffs for emergency action Transferring the patient to higher level of care (Stayt et al., 2015) A common issue seen in hospital is that treatment is delayed even after reports from patients or their family members. However, staffs must pay attention to concern of family members as they are familiar with patients and their normal attitudes and feelings. Janes concern for her mothers unsual state of mind was also not taken seriously by health care staffs. Hence, appropriate process and response to prevent adverse event is important to maintain the continuity of care. Ward rounds, handover system and communicating patients and family members about signs of deterioration is important for safe and ethical delivery of care. Based on standard 2 and standard 9, the recommendations to make changes to health care practice at the ward level includes the following: At ward level, all nursing staffs must change their way of communication. They must regularly communicate with health care consumers regarding the progress of patient and care planning. The partnership should be such that both consumer and nursing staff are aware about their role in health and safety of patient. It is also necessary to establish new rules and creative methods for communication so that no conflicts arise (Loghmani et al., 2014). To achieve standard 9 at ward level, it is necessary to change the system for responsive action of clinical deterioration. Full guidance and training is needed in the areas of documentation of care, escalation of care, clinical communication, inter-professional collaboration, rapid response system and improving the technological systems. Jones et al., (2013) also supports the fact that clear model for clinical deterioration should be there to education staffs about responsive action, preventive actions and prevent risk stratification. References Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care, National Safety and Quality Health Service Standards. (2012). Retrieved 9 August 2012, from https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/NSQHS-Standards-Sept-2012.pdf Bogossian, F., Cooper, S., Cant, R., Beauchamp, A., Porter, J., Kain, V., ... FIRST2ACT Research Team. (2014). Undergraduate nursing students' performance in recognising and responding to sudden patient deterioration in high psychological fidelity simulated environments: an Australian multi-centre study.Nurse education today,34(5), 691-696. Carman, K. L., Dardess, P., Maurer, M., Sofaer, S., Adams, K., Bechtel, C., Sweeney, J. (2013). Patient and family management: a framework for understanding the elements and developing interventions and policies.Health Affairs,32(2), 223-231. Dreifke, M. B., Jayasuriya, A. A., Jayasuriya, A. C. (2015). Current wound healing procedures and potential care.Materials Science and Engineering: C,48, 651-662. Fisher, D., King, L. (2013). An integrative literature review on preparing nursing students through simulation to recognize and respond to the deteriorating patient.Journal of Advanced Nursing,69(11), 2375-2388. Greatrex?White, S., Moxey, H. (2015). Wound assessment tools and nurses' needs: an evaluation study.International wound journal,12(3), 293-301. Happell, B., Platania?Phung, C., Byrne, L., Wynaden, D., Martin, G., Harris, S. (2015). Consumer participation in nurse education: A national survey of Australian universities.International journal of mental health nursing,24(2), 95-103. Jones, D., Mitchell, I., Hillman, K., Story, D. (2013). Defining clinical deterioration.Resuscitation,84(8), 1029-1034. Kon, A. A., Davidson, J. E., Morrison, W., Danis, M., White, D. B. (2016). Shared decision making in ICUs: an American College of Critical Care Medicine and American Thoracic Society policy statement.Critical care medicine,44(1), 188-201. Loghmani, L., Borhani, F., Abbaszadeh, A. (2014). Factors affecting the nurse-patients family communication in intensive care unit of kerman: a qualitative study.Journal of caring sciences,3(1), 67. Michael, N., OCallaghan, C., Baird, A., Hiscock, N., Clayton, J. (2014). Cancer caregivers advocate a patient-and family-centered approach to advance care planning.Journal of pain and symptom management,47(6), 1064-1077. Nieuwlaat, R., Wilczynski, N., Navarro, T., Hobson, N., Jeffery, R., Keepanasseril, A., ... Sivaramalingam, B. (2014). Interventions for enhancing medication adherence.The Cochrane Library. Park, H. (2014). Identifying Core NANDA?I Nursing Diagnoses, NIC Interventions, NOC Outcomes, and NNN Linkages for Heart Failure.International journal of nursing knowledge,25(1), 30-38. Reeves, S., McMillan, S. E., Kachan, N., Paradis, E., Leslie, M., Kitto, S. (2015). Interprofessional collaboration and family member involvement in intensive carestablished standards of practice were noted.e units: emerging themes from a multi-sited ethnography.Journal of interprofessional care,29(3), 230-237. Safetyandquality.gov.au. (2017).National Safety and Quality Health Service Standards September 2012.Safetyandquality.gov.au. Retrieved 9 August 2017, from https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/NSQHS-Standards-Sept-2012.pdf Stayt, L. C., Merriman, C., Ricketts, B., Morton, S., Simpson, T. (2015). Recognizing and managing a deteriorating patient: a randomized controlled trial investigating the effectiveness of clinical simulation in improving clinical performance in undergraduate nursing students.Journal of advanced nursing,71(11), 2563-2574. Tinelli, M., Blenkinsopp, A., Latter, S., Smith, A., Chapman, S. R. (2015). Survey of patients' experiences and perceptions of care provided by nurse and pharmacist independent prescribers in primary care.Health Expectations,18(5), 1241-1255. White, E. (2017). Clinical supervision: Invisibility on the contemporary nursing and midwifery policy agenda.Journal of advanced nursing,73(6), 1251-1254. Kong, L. N., Qin, B., Zhou, Y. Q., Mou, S. Y., Gao, H. M. (2014). The effectiveness of problem-based learning on development of nursing students critical thinking: A systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of nursing studies,51(3), 458-469.

The Candymakers Essay Example

The Candymakers Paper The Canebrakes Isabella Cooley 4th hour 3/23/12 In the novel The Canebrakes by Wendy Mass, Logan, Miles, Daisy, and Philip are competing to make the worlds best candy. Logan is the son of the man who owns the candy factory Life is Sweet. When the annual competition comes to see which twelve year old can make the best candy, Logan enters along with 31 other kids but only three others practice at Life is Sweet. Daisy, Miles, and Philip all come eager to make candy, but each is hiding a secret. Which one will become the supreme cankered? The thematic statement I hose was It is better to try something and fail than to never have tried at all. My evidence is that Logan made a delicious candy, but it didnt do what he wanted. He didnt win, but he knew that his dad was proud of him because he tried, and he was proud of himself. In the story, Miles has a burden. He doesnt know how to express what hes going through. One day at the lake, he saw a bee follow this girl into the water. No one else saw her, just Miles. He tried explaining it to people, but they never really believed him. He always felt like that girl was watching him, ling him what to do. We will write a custom essay sample on The Candymakers specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Candymakers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Candymakers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Daisy tells a story one night about how she practiced with her parents at the lake to see how long she could swim under water. Miles is relieved that she is okay, but mad that she never told anyone. On page 352, Miles says, l was on the boat. The one Daisy swam under. Only I didnt see her. All this time thought the girl-I mean Daisy-had drowned and hadnt been able to save her. That statement helped me understand how he felt and how he thought she was dead. When Daisy tells Miles about the boat, he is shocked, but he was wondering why she did it. So, of course she tells him why. She tells him that SSH?s a spy trying to get a secret ingredient for her client. But there is more. Shes thirteen, not twelve. So that means she cannot compete in the competition due to the fact you have to be twelve. Miles is shocked and doesnt know what to do until she says her clients name. Miles tells Philip, and Philip says that is his father. On page 346, it says, Philip reddened and plopped down on a sleeping bag. That would be my father. This shows me that Philip is embarrassed of his dad and basically assumed that would happen. After that, he calls his dad to confront him. His father confesses and makes him a deal saying if he can win the contest, he wont steal the secret ingredient. All the kids have a tough decision: to give up their dream of winning or forget about Philip and win. What would you choose? All the canebrakes decide to help Philip, although they decide Logan should still enter because its his dream. They help Philip and head to the competition. They have another competitor who has an awesome treat, but something is off about it. On page 426, it says, A. J.! Its caffeine! Alex Grubber put caffeine in the I-scream! That definitely helped me understand how the other team had cheated. After all is said and done, they award first place to Philip from Life is Sweet, and the candy shop is saved. Overall, I really liked this book and all it had to offer for me. It had a lot of mystery in it, which I liked. I would recommend this book to people, but warn them that the point of view changes from person to person. I know that some people dont like that in books. But, overall, its a really great book with a great moral.

The Sound of a Voice by Henry Hwang

The Sound of a Voice by Henry Hwang Introduction Life is a puzzle. Whatever it offers or what it fails to offer bears a corresponding consequence. It matters less therefore, the nature of the offer, whether good or bad, the bottom line remains; each has a flaw attached therein. Oscar Wilde gives some insight to this issue to unravel the mystery behind the life. Wilde asserts that, having what one desires is a tragedy just like not having it. Though the words may differ in terms of one’s’ interpretations, they are true and to the point.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Sound of a Voice by Henry Hwang specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, most things that people yearn for, do not even cost money, viz. love, attention, to mention but a few. The tragedy strikes in when the world fails to avail them whereas it can offer a well paying job an example of what people desire. As people strive to meet the job’s demands, a tragedy inform of a mess crops up in their families, as they are too busy with the job to attend to the families’ needs. Playwrights have set out to address this reality, and among them is, Henry Hwang. The Sound of a Voice is among Hwang’s captivating tragic Chef-d’oeuvres, featuring two categories of lonely characters, male and female. Hwang wants to see how the two interact in their endeavors to obey the attraction-repulsion powers of love. The two need the others’ love for their emotional satisfaction. Their world finally fails to provide, hence a tragedy. However, the psychological strength offered, turns out a tragedy as the two groups struggle to maintain their mental uprightness, when they all surrender to their emotional needs. This scenario, coupled with others, concurs with Oscar Wilde words that, In this world there are only two tragedies: one is not getting what one wants, and the other is getting it. For instance, the company that the play’s protagonist gets from his female friend after a long period of loneliness is the cause of her death, as elaborated next. Application The company that the woman gets from the man is the root cause of her death. Once a person receives what he/she has been longing for, he/she handles it with a pronounced care and attention. This stands out in the play as the woman gives a warm welcome to the cold-stricken man, who enters her house. The woman in the play has been lonely for a long time since people claim that she is a witch thus avoiding her. When the man enquires to know how frequent she is visited, she says, â€Å"I don’t know†¦perhaps ten years†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hwang, 2003, p. 973). As a result, she longs for company, which she gets from the man. To show the depth of her desire for the man, and how satisfied she feels after getting him, she offers him tea.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OF F Learn More As the woman enters the house to find the man dressing, she assumes he is leaving and gets annoyed of it because this is not what she desires. This atmosphere does not continue for long. In fact, the woman reveals to the man that there are other men, who visit her with a hidden agenda of killing her. She insinuates that the man could be one of them. This realization marks the dawn of her tragedy. The man begins to torment her. The woman says, â€Å"Stop that†¦tormenting me†¦to kill me† (Hwang, 2003, p. 985). From this scenario, it stands out that, though the woman wanted the man for company, what she gets as a result is none but threats of death and torments, which concords with Oscar Wilde’s words. The man is in need of a long-lasting relationship with a caring beautiful woman. However, as the play unfolds, though he gets the woman, the relationship is just but limited and his efforts to maintain it marks his tragedy because they bear no fruits. The story opens with the man visiting the woman. His pronounced loneliness stands out as he spends the previous night in the cold besides a waterfall. To show the degree of his loneliness, he reveals to the woman that, â€Å"The sound of the waterfall put me asleep†¦you see, I can’t sleep in too much silence† (Hwang, 2003, p. 971). These words are a package, sufficient to tell that the man is actually in need of company, and one can insinuate, he has found one in the woman. However, this is not enough of what he is looking for. He symbolically tells the woman that he has a long journey to cover, implying a long-lasting companionship. The woman ought to be caring, and as he can prove from the warm welcome, she really is. The woman passes for a companion as expounded next. She is beautiful and always ready to satisfy the desires of the man. She plays some sweet melodies to him and this pulls him closer to her. He can afford the words, â€Å"We are a team, you and me† (Hwang, 2003, p. 977). However, the deal seems too good for the man and thus he ought to think twice. He thus talks of rumors that men, who happen to visit her never, return. This reveals the real character of the woman. The woman is abusive. She says, â€Å"Then you are a fool to come here†¦they are blind as well as ignorant† (Hwang, 2003, p. 981). The way the play ends symbolizes the man’s effort to look for a long-lasting companion. It ends with the woman exiting the room with the man rushing after her, only for the woman to hang herself leaving the man alone. He fails to get what he wanted: a long-term relationship, hence a tragedy as Oscar Wilde calls it.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Sound of a Voice by Henry Hwang specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The love that the man develops turns out to be the cause of his weakness. As the man enters the woman’s hou se, he is yearning for love, which he gets from the woman. In fact, he tells her that she is beautiful and loving, confessing that he has actually been drawn to her. When the woman tells him to kill her, if at all this can make him not to leave her, the man reveals that he lacks, even the energy to kill himself, owing to the evident weakness brought by his love to her. In addition, the woman bears more skills compared to the man. She bears the strength of a man. Though she thought that the skills would help her draw love from the man, they turn to be the source of the man’s unhappiness. The man tells her, â€Å"Yes! Go! †¦the techniques† (Hwang, 2003, p. 980), which among other episodes, show how what the two characters had and what they did not have, turns out to be a disaster. Conclusion Though people desire a lot for their own satisfaction, life seems to offer only two options. They will either get or fail to get what they want. Surprisingly, regardless of whet her people get or fail to get what they want, the upshot is a tragedy. Hwang, in his charismatic masterwork, confirms this through his characters, the man, and the woman. For instance, the man, whom the woman gets after a long period of loneliness, begins to threaten and torment her. This, among other play scripts, concurs with Oscar Wilde word that, ‘in this world, there are only two tragedies: one is not getting what one wants, and the other is getting it.’ Reference Hwang, H. (2003). The Sound of a Voice. New York: Theatre Communication Group.

Project planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Project planning - Essay Example Feasibility study is considered as the disciplined study based on three levels. The first level is related to the operational feasibility. The second level includes the technical feasibility. The economic feasibility is identified in the third level. Economic level brings operative and mechanical levels together into a common unit. These three levels of feasibility study are important for the success of a project. The project has earned an important contract from the local health authority to organize and deliver the conferences based on the health issues in the workplace. For the success of the contract, feasibility study is important to determine the economic, technical and operational viability of a project (PMI, 2012; Overton, 2007). The aim of the project is to provide the quality education in terms of health issues in a workplace, which is important for every people (Zilicus Solutions, 2012). The milestones stages of the project have been segregated into set up stage, research and development stage, activation stage and review stage. Based on the milestones stages, the documentations of the objectives as well as goals are to be ensured that they are aligned with the desired project goals. In addition, the significance of the marketing and communication plan should be ascertained. The progress of the different activities should be scrutinised for determining the success rate of the project. The project manager should review the project on a timely basis. In this respect, the project manager would be able to have a better knowledge about the progress of the project. The deliverables or the outcome of the project can be improvement in the several health issues in the workplace. Other outcome can be increased awareness of the local business as well as the agencies of the government of the European Directives regarding such health issues. In

Descriptive statistics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Descriptive statistics - Assignment Example The study will employ a cross-sectional study where the data will be collected using a well-structured questionnaire administered randomly to both the participating and non-participating ELL students in a bid to compare the academic achievements among both groups. An in-depth interview will be conducted with the school counsellors in a bid to get a deeper understanding of the various interventions techniques implemented. According to Clark and Creswell (2010) one cannot analyze their data with statistics unless the data have been recorded in a numeric form. The first step therefore will be to assign scores to the different quantitative responses, followed by data entry done using the relevant statistical software or Excel. The research will examine both the single item scores and the summed scores (Clark & Creswell, 2010) as part of its detailed analysis to address the research question, the descriptive statistics obtained will be summarized in tables. Various outputs from the statistical analysis tools will be included as part of the findings. As per Clark and Creswell (2010) the models will be accompanied by the ANOVA and T-test tables in order to provide detailed statistics relevant in testing the differences between the observed grouped in regards to the academic performance. The descriptive statistics will be employed due to their convenience in providing informative comparison using the means of each attribute as indicator, the research findings will either be expressed as a percentage or as a mean. The descriptive table will contain the relevant standard deviation for the purposes of showing the extent of variability (Clark & Creswell, 2010). An example of a descriptive table is as shown in the table below: Where it summarizes the mean academic score of ELL students participating in the Interventions and those that don’t. ANOVA table is key for

Understanding the sign and symptons of teenage suicide Term Paper

Understanding the sign and symptons of teenage suicide - Term Paper Example Mr. and Mrs. Lisbon despite actions and strategies are not able to stop the deaths of their daughters. The book is about a catholic family that lives in Michigan that is set in 1970s. Father of the family, Ronald is a teacher that teaches math in a private school but the mother is a home maker. Ronald’s family constitute five daughters. Characters in the novel are Cecilia Lisbon, Lux Lisbon, Mary Lisbon and Bonnie Lisbon. Cecilia Lisbon is a sister to Mary Lisbon. She is the main character in the novel with her being shy and this is known by her elder sisters. She is found of invoking Virgin Mary and spend most of her time listening to Celtic music. She commits suicide and after her death it is discovered in her diary entries that she was trying to speak of her sister and her being a single entity. Cecilia attempts suicide several times with firs attempt being slitting her wrists during a bath. The second successful attempt of suicide that becomes successful is during her menstrual cycle when she jumps onto a spiked fence. Lux Lisbon gets in love with Trip Fontaine. Trip Fontaine asks the parents of Lux so that they could be able to attend a dance. The request leads to the girls being locked in the house for most part of winter with dare consequences. This leads to the death of lux in June during winter. Mary Lisbon is the second oldest in the family. She tries to keep her appearance after the death of her sisters through wearing of brighter sweaters. She attempts suicide on the night of June fifteenth but does not die. She spend most of her time sleeping after the attempt. She later dies in July after taking sleeping pills. The book, the Virgin suicide was written by Jeffrey Eugenides. Suicide topic is portrayed in the book with involvement of a Lisbon girls engaging in suicide with unknown reasons. Devices that are used in the book bringing about major topics in the

Data Application Development Earthquake and Breast Cancer

Data Application Development Earthquake and Breast Cancer Data Application Development for Earthquake and Breast Cancer Datasets Abstract-This report is a general study of two datasets, the first contains data from the earthquake occurred in the region of Marche, Italy in the year 2016 and the second dataset is mammography data, with mean values of measurements and structures of tumors found in patients, for both studies different techniques related to data science were applied, with the intention of revealing conclusions that a priori are impossible to visualize. Keywords-Italy Earthquake, Mammongraphy studies, MapReduce algorithm, Python. With the high processing power that modern computers have acquired, one of the scientific branches that have been most developing is data science, which consists of the generalized extraction of knowledge from information and data. Unlike statistical analysis, data science is more holistic, more global, for using large volumes of data to extract knowledge that adds value to an organization of any kind. In this project, the breast cancer dataset contains information on the geometry, size and texture of tumors found in approximately 5100 patients. The main idea with this database is to construct a predictive model that will be able to detect when a tumor is carcinogenic in other words, predict whether the cancer is benign or malignant, from the descriptions of the same one. In the other hand, the second dataset contains information about the earthquake that occurred in Italy in year 2016, contains all the replicas that occurred by three days after and all earthquakes are geotagged, with this dataset the main idea is to do data mining, to visualize the information of an innovative way, applying geospatial theory and statistical techniques specific of data science. A. Italy 2016 Earthquake Dataset This database is Open-Source accessible to the community and is part of the extensive catalog offered free of charge by the Kaggle website, its structure is as follows: template dataset Time Latitude Longitude Depth Magnitude UTC time WGS87 WGS87 Km Richter scale It has 8086 records with full data history, each row represents an earthquake event. For each event, the following properties are given: the exact timing of the event in the format Y-m-d hh:mm:s.ms the exact geographical coordinates of the event, in latitude and longitude the depth of the hypocenter in kilometers the magnitude value in Richter scale The dataset was collected from this real-time updated list from the Italian Earthquakes National Center. From now on we will call this dataset A B. Breast Cancer (Diagnostic) Data Set Features are computed from a digitized image of a fine needle aspirate (FNA) of a breast mass. They describe characteristics of the cell nuclei present in the image. n the 3-dimensional space is that described in [1]. Attribute Information: 1) ID number 2) Diagnosis (M = malignant, B = benign) 2)Ten real-valued features are computed for each cell nucleus: (a) radius (mean of distances from center to points on the perimeter) (b) texture (standard deviation of gray-scale values) (c) perimeter (d) area (e) smoothness (local variation in radius lengths) (f) compactness (perimeter^2 / area 1.0) (g) concavity (severity of concave portions of the contour) (h) concave points (number of concave portions of the contour) (i) symmetry (j) fractal dimension (coastline approximation 1) 3) The mean, standard error and worst or largest (mean of the three largest values) of these features were computed for each image, resulting in 30 features. For instance, field 3 is Mean Radius, field 13 is Radius SE, field 23 is Worst Radius. 4) All feature values are recoded with four significant digits. This database was obtained from Kaggle website. It belongs to their repository and is open to scientist of the world that want to study it. From now on we will call this dataset B Knowledge extraction is mainly related to the discovery process known as Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD), which refers to the non-trivial process of discovering knowledge and potentially useful information within the data contained in some information repository [2]. It is not an automatic process, it is an iterative process that exhaustively explores very large volumes of data to determine relationships. It is a process that extracts quality information that can be used to draw conclusions based on relationships or models within the data. A. Data selection Both databases were carefully chosen based on the following details: Reliable source or repository, which guarantees the reliability of the data, for this report the source is Kaggle who maintain a database open to the public and that users can comment. Data without an excessive amount of white space, since having to fill this spaces with 0 can cause distortions in the model, making the predictions or conclusions of the studies are invalid. That they contain at least 5000 rows, to make substantial the study and the conclusions had measurable. B. information preprocessing For both datasets, some simple statistical tests were performed with the intention of filling the missing data in the most effective way. For example, for the data of the B the standard deviation and the mean value was calculated, besides raising a frequency histogram to check that the data followed a Gaussian distribution, in fact the data is distributed in this way, so it was completed with values taken randomly based on the mean and standard deviation of the data, this way ensures that the missing data does not provide incorrect information. For the data of A, the average values were obtained and the latitudes and longitudes of each exact point where the earthquake occurred, rounded off in order to be able to made a geospatial label with a region of each Italian province. C. Transformation For both datasets, MapReduce algorithm was applied it is based on the HDFS data architecture. The idea is to be able to map key values, with each of the data and its header, so that the access to them is efficient, with this it is tried to give robustly to data, in addition to reducing the processing times. The main idea of this type of algorithm is to be able to maintain the data in distributed systems, although for this project only a single node was configured. D. Data Mining At this stage of the process, it is already clear how are data distributed, and it is where we decide which Machine Learning or Data Mining algorithms to apply. For the case of data set B, we decided Machine Learning algorithm based on logistic regression, starting from the following arguments: It was verified that the data follow a linear distribution and are correlated with each other. As the result is a decision, Benign or Malignant (1 or 0) The most intuitive is to apply the logistic regression to predict the diagnoses. For the second set of data the technique used will be the a posteriori study of the cataclysm with the intention of revealing conclusions about earthquake, focused on the geospatial area, starting with the labeling WGS87 and with the coordinates of each earthquake it is possible to construct a density of earthquakes by region, With this data it is possible to determine which region was most affected, which was the epicenter of the earthquake and to determine if there is a correlation between the depth of the earthquake and the magnitude. There is no period after the et in the Latin abbreviation et al. The abbreviation i.e. means that is, and the abbreviation e.g. means for example. The implementation was made in Python version 2.7. There are a few key libraries that will be used. Below is a list of the Python SciPy libraries required for implement algorithms for B: Scipy, numpy, matplotlib, pandas sklearn, patsy and statsmodels. And other few more for implement A: Pandas, Numpy, Matplotlib, Basemap, Shapely, Pysal, Descartes, Fiona, Pylabs and Statsmodels, and the architecture for store and read the data is the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) is the primary storage system used by Hadoop applications. HDFS is built to support applications with large data sets, including individual files that reach into the terabytes. It uses a master/slave architecture, with each cluster consisting of a single NameNode that manages file system operations and supporting DataNodes that manage data storage on individual compute nodes. In the next image, Fig. 1 are exposed the workflow diagram for the Machine Learning algorithm applied to B dataset Figure 1: Workflow for Machine Learning algorithm And in the second one, Fig. 2 the workflow for dataset A, this workflow was constructed from the selected methodology, the idea is to follow this pattern of work to increase the productivity of research as they are work frames highly tested by qualified researchers in the area. Figure 2: Workflow for Data Mining research For the data set B, a recursion stage is considered in case the final predictions are not satisfactory, this would entail rethinking the model and to get everything values again. For data set A, the diagram is focused on maximum representation of the data to extract a substantial number of conclusions from graphs. A. Dataset A The first result obtained is a map of the central region of Italy with each of 8000 points where earthquakes occurred. Figure 3: Scatter ploting with administrative subdivision Weve drawn a scatter plot on Italy map Fig. 3, containing points with a 50 meters diameter, corresponding to each point of A dataset. This is a first step, but doesnt really tell anything interesting about the density per region merely that there were more earthquakes in Marche Italy region than in the outer places. Figure 4: Density ploting with administrative subdivision Now we can see how was the distribution Fig. 4 of the earthquake. It is clear on the map that the regions most affected were Lazio, Marche and Umbria. Figure 5: Magnitude rolling mean Most of the earthquakes occurred at a depth of 10km. This can be seen in next graph Fig. 6 by a frequency histogram of depth. Figure 6: Frequency Histogram The following table shows the 5 earthquakes with the greatest impact and their regions where they occurred. table II: Greater magnitude earthquakes Time Region Depth Magnitude 2016-08-24 Lazio 8.1 6.0 2016-08-24 Umbria 8.0 5.4 2016-10-26 Umbria 8.7 5.4 2016-10-26 Brescia 7.5 5.9 2016-10-30 Brescia 9.2 6.5 B. Dataset B We are going to look at two types of plots: Univariate plots to better understand each attribute. Multivariate plots to better understand the relationships between attributes. 1) Univariate Plots: We start with some univariate plots, that is, plots of each individual variable. Given that the input variables are numeric, we can create box and whisker plots of each. Figure 7: whisker plots Fig. 7 gives a much clearer idea of the distribution of the input attributes It looks like perhaps most of the input variables have a Gaussian distribution. This is useful to note as we can use algorithms that can exploit this assumption also this can be seen in Fig. 8. Figure 8: Frequency histogram 2) Algorithm evaluation: In this step we evaluated the most important algorithms of Machine Learning in search of which is best adapted to the data. we used statistical methods to estimate the accuracy of the models that we create on unseen data. We also want a more concrete estimate of the accuracy of the best model on unseen data by evaluating it on actual unseen data. That is, we were held back some data that the algorithms will not get to see and we will use this data to get a second and independent idea of how accurate the best model might actually be. We split the loaded dataset into two, 80% of which we used to train our models and 20% that we will hold back as a validation dataset. We evaluated 6 different algorithms: Logistic Regression (LR) Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN). Classification and Regression Trees (CART). Gaussian Naive Bayes (NB). Support Vector Machines (SVM). This is a good mixture of simple linear (LR and LDA), nonlinear (KNN, CART, NB and SVM) algorithms. We reset the random number seed before each run to ensure that the evaluation of each algorithm is performed using exactly the same data splits. It ensures the results are directly comparable. Figure 9: Algorithm comparison LR: 0.658580 (0.027300) LDA: 0.661676 (0.026534) KNN: 0.606749 (0.023558) CART: 0.569616 (0.041578) NB: 0.621194 (0.032784) SVM: 0.641823 (0.025195) The LR algorithm was the most accurate model that we tested. Now we want to get an idea of the accuracy of the model on our validation set. This will give us an independent final check on the accuracy of the best model. It is valuable to keep a validation set just in case you made a slip during training, such as overfitting to the training set or a data leak. Both will result in an overly optimistic result. We can run the LR model directly on the validation set and summarize the results as a final accuracy score, a confusion matrix and a classification report. The accuracy is 0.75 or 75%. The confusion matrix provides an indication of the 25 errors made. As we can see the data science has a wide field of work, in areas so diverse that for the case of this report ranging from medicine to cartography and seismology. With this report, it is evident how important the Machine Learning algorithms in cancer diagnosis, although this small case in study is not perfect, there are more advanced tools and more sophisticated algorithms that allow penetrating in this field of An amazing form, the author recommend a degree project where Deep Learning algorithms and deep neural networks are applied in the diagnosis of diseases. It is certainly a prominent field. On the other hand, in the first dataset, it was possible to explore tools for the management of maps and the placement of big amounts of data on these, with the main idea of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹exposing results that looking at the raw data is impossible to observe. This allows you to find new points of view about phenomena already happened and learn from them to improve infrastructures or tools. In short, data science is a field in full swing that will give much to talk about in recent years, we live in an age where information is power and manipulate and understand information are the tools of the future. References K. P. Bennett and O. L. Mangasarian: Robust Linear Programming Discrimination of Two Linearly Inseparable Sets, Optimization Methods and Software 1, 1992, 23-34 Williams, G. J., Huang, Z. (1996, October). A case study in knowledge acquisition for insurance risk assessment using a KDD methodology. In Proceedings of the Pacific Rim Knowledge Acquisition Workshop, Dept. of AI, Univ. of NSW, Sydney, Australia (pp. 117-129).

Fear of Flying: More Than a Feminist Novel :: Feminism Feminist Women Criticism

Fear of Flying: More Than a Feminist Novel The fears of Isadora: Her religion (Semi-Jewish), her love life (second husband, seventh analyst; Bennett), her gender (a woman in America! In the sixties!), her career (Writer: one book), sex (are women supposed to enjoy that?), her mother (Jude, an artist who danced naked in France), her sisters (all married, with at least two children apiece), her children (none), her name (Isadora White? Isadora Wing? Isadora White Stollerman Wing Goodlove?) and flying; Isadora has a fear of flying. Some would say that Fear of Flying , by Erica Jong is merely a feminist novel. It is, but it's more than that. Fear of Flying is a novel about a woman in search of her name and the source of her fears; it is a novel about inner conflict. The main character of the novel is Isadora, a woman in her early thirties in the late sixties. What begins as a work related trip to Vienna with her analyst husband ends as a journey filled with personal revelations. At the conference Isadora develops an infatuation which fuels her need to discover "what is wrong" with her. Traveling throughout Europe with a man who is not her husband she discovers her true self through her complete loss of security. Therein lies the principal irony of Fear of Flying; the journey that the main character takes in order to gain the traits that she sees in her heroines only leads her to find that they were hidden within herself. Isadora is the charicature of irony itself. The opening chapter sets the tone for the entire novel, which is written like a conversation with one's analyst: casual but intimate. Her odyssey, in fact, begins on a plane full of psychoanalysts. As she puts it: she'd been "treated by at least six of them. And married a seventh." (p. 1) This is a great example of Isadora's outwardly nonchalant views of her own problems. Her own view of her life and her inner monologue pull the reader into her literal and symbolic fear of flying and her lifelong struggle with them. From the beginning she shares with us thirteen years of analysis and counting, yet it is the 336 pages in which we watch her slowly untangle her own conflicts that show the readers the lesson which we were intended to learn. Isadora is an extremely intelligent character.

Ethical Dilemma Essay

The article Ethical Dilemma presents the formidable role and functions of a nurse and other healthcare providers as it tries to preserve and uphold the dignity of life until its last breath. The authors Cynthia Kellam Stinson, MSN, RNC, CMS; Jennie Godkin, MSN, RN; and Rutchie Robinson,RN, MSN, all respected and reputable professionals in their field, have illustrated a real life situation coupled with an analysis that will hopefully give a well-grounded judgment and management to everybody working to perfect their roles in the care of patients most especially those stricken with debilitating diseases. Ethical Dilemma showcased a case where an ill-stricken patient’s supposed request was granted, however, the decision to grant was eventually found lacking and wanting. The patient named Mr. Antonio had been a vibrant 60-year-old Associate Professor in the Music Department of a university before he developed a type of Parkinson’s disease. The disease advanced and had its toll on the well-being of the patient and brought tremendous concern on his family which eventually led to seeking the aid of a long-term care facility to ensure that the patient is perfectly cared for. During his confinement in the long-term care facility, the patient went through personal bouts of self pity and despondency. All these feelings were manifested in his disposition and appetite. It was not clear if he clearly expressed that he no longer wants to eat and drink but it was stated in the article that for several times he would not swallow the food once it entered his mouth and will instead spit it out. The question if it was a qualified case of VSED or voluntarily stopping eating and drinking then surfaced. The concern if the patient made an informed and competent decision came out; and if the family and the healthcare providers made a well discerned decision when the caring steps taken were based on the later behavior of the patient was also asked. To further define the case, the authors used relevant legal and social issues that arose from similar situations in the past. Another enlightening presentation of the article is the possible physiological issues of the Ethical Dilemma 2 patient’s situation. The authors’ analysis of the case came into full circle when it reconciled the realizations and resolutions to the practice of nursing care and the indispensable role of a multidisciplinary group comprised of the family, the healthcare experts such as physicians, nurses, dietitians, psychiatrist, and should be joined too by lawyers, social workers, and a spiritual advisor to ensure a better health care for patients. This case surely taught important lessons to concerned healthcare practitioners although it took one life as an example. The article says that the patient’s autonomy must be respected and healthcare providers must avoid inflicting more harm on the patient in the process of caring for him, however, additional harm befell the patient in the article when the healthcare providers failed to thoroughly and adequately discuss the benefits and risks of VSED and even the pros and cons of inserting a percutaneous endocopie gastrostomy (PEG) tube into the patient’s stomach and even allowing the patient to be fed with exclusive soda. The American College of Physicians and the American Society of Internal Medicine’s Position Paper provided guidelines for VSED. It clearly stated that VSED was appropriate for a terminally ill patient provided the patient was competent to make decisions after a comprehensive psychological assessment of the patient to rule out depression, spiritual suffering, and assessment of motives. These conditions were not observed in the case of Mr. Antonio. In the second to the last paragraph of the article, it was mentioned that in the last 21 days of the patient, there were instances that he stared at the nurses with pleading eyes. Could this mean a contradiction of how matters in his situation were interpreted? It is possible that there was a point that the patient wanted to stop eating and drinking because of depression, but a good facilitation to make him further understand his situation and realize what can still be done, the patient might just decide to fight his battle. It is a fact that Parkinson’s disease, and any of its’ type, is a progressive, debilitating illness and all measures of treatment and Ethical Dilemma 3 dealings should have evolved on this reality with complete consideration of how the patient will respond to the situation. Nurses aren’t just around to merely nurse and purely attend to ailing patients, their skills and most importantly their presence can help patients bear the pain of their illnesses. It is right to call them advocates and it may be an overwhelming job but there’s so much fulfillment involved when they listen to the patients’ plight, help patients find the truth and share that faith and courage to face their situations. Nursing as a profession entails many things thus the mention of countless points to consider in carrying out the job. Mastery of each point most especially the ethical theories will make a better nurse and will increase the chances of saving more lives. Insights learned, realizations, and resolutions should be lived. The article made a very good point when it enumerated a list of possible improvements such as enhance quality care in the ICU through educational preparation of staff, patient, and family; emotional preparation of practitioners, family, and patient; flexible staffing; provision of privacy for patient and family; maximum communication between family and staff; spiritual support to the family; ongoing evaluation of patient; and stress debriefing program for the staff. All of these measures should be implemented for a better health care system. It should not wait for another patient to experience the same situation. Health care providers should be proactive and must always be prepared should another patient will need their expertise and attention.

Stock Market and Disk Drive Operations

Question: – Why is Seagate undertaking this transaction? Is it necessary to divest the Veritas shares in a separate transaction? Who are the winners and losers resulting from the transaction? Solution: – Seagate is undertaking this transaction to generate significant wealth gains for Seagate shareholders. There is a value gap generates due to Seagate’s VERITAS stake. VERITAS stake value exceeds the entire market capitalization of the Seagate. Seagate faces two problems because of VERITAS stake. First, the company’s core disk drive operations were not receiving full value in the market. Second, the company would incur a significant tax liability if the company attempt to monetize its VERITAS stake be selling the shares. Yes, it is necessary to divest the VERITAS shares in a separate transaction. It helps the company to save itself from tax liabilities and distributing the VERITAS stock tax free to its shareholders. The Seagate shareholders are definitely winner if the two-step transaction will happen. The shareholders of Seagate get higher value of disk drive operations and tax free shares of VERITAS. The Seagate Management is also winner. They get rid of tax liabilities related to VERITAS stocks and get full value of disk drive operations. The VERITAS also feel like winner as they get higher number of stocks in exchange of lesser number of stocks. Question: – Does the negative value of Seagate’s operating assets imply markets are inefficient? Solution: – The negative value of Seagate’s operating assets implies that markets are inefficient. The core disk drive operations do not receive its full value in the market. Seagate’s Management thinks that disk drive operations value is larger than what the value is in market. This shows that markets are inefficient. Question: – Why might a negative value exist? Solution: – Tax liabilities: – The negative value of the Seagate’s operating assets is due to tax liabilities which the company is facing because of VERITAS stocks. Other liabilities : – Fear that managers will destroy value: – The negative value of the Seagate’s operating assets is not due to fear that managers will destroy value. Moreover, the investors have trust in the managers of the Seagate that’s why they want to retain the top management of the Seagate in the newly build company.

Presidents Drug Policy essays

Presidents Drug Policy essays The President's National Drug Control Strategy 2004 focuses on three key areas: the prevention of drug use, providing treatment for drug addiction, and damaging the economic basis of the drug trade. In the strategy, the President notes a special role for law enforcement, school and community. In addition, the arrest of drug dealers is an important component of the policy. Despite its many positive points, like a focus on treatment, the President's drug policy has several important flaws. Overall, the President's drug policy will be held to be successful if it holds up to long-term goals like reducing drug use and crime that is associated with the use of illegal drugs. Law enforcement plays an important role in the President's drug policy. Importantly, the policy proposes "close alliances between treatment and law enforcement" as part of a larger alliance between the community and government. As an example, the policy notes the case of Shirley Morgan and the growing drug trade in rural Portland near Mount Hood. She headed a community group that coupled a volunteer coalition that collected intelligence on drug activities with the activities of the local police In addition to the need for community involvement with law enforcement, the policy notes the importance of law enforcement targeting higher ups in the drug trade. As such, the policy notes the efforts of the multi-agency Special Operations Division (SOD), which works to coordinate the action of different federal agencies with state and local agencies, including Columbian and Mexican counterparts. This coordination plays an important role in stopping "trafficking organizations can span dozens of states and hundreds of jurisdictions." School and community are important components of the President's drug policy. As noted earlier, the policy focuses keenly on the cooperation of community groups with ...

Spread of English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Spread of English - Essay Example For this reason, the explosion of English as lingua franca of globalization is considered a triumph for America. It amounts to a global conquest for American culture and way of life, considering that language serves not only as medium of communication but also as repository of national identity, culture and even body politic. In that sense, the American English that is sweeping the planet in lockstep with globalization also poses a threat to the competitiveness and cultures of UK, not to mention France, Germany, Spain and other European Union member-countries. It will destroy or at least marginalize much of local cultures (The Economist, 2001). That this inexorable spread of English in its present form is a triumph benefiting no one else but the US is demonstrated by the increasing interest around the world in things American. Everyone has heard of the worldwide phenomenon called "McDonaldization," in which consumers swear by the same tastes for food and service. McDonald's is of course synonymous with America and as McDonald's stores saturate the planet and find enthusiastic acceptance everywhere, it promotes American values and culture and fortifies its position as a world power. This global homogenization of consumer culture is only one indication of the growing predominance of America put on track by the spread of its brand of English. In 2004, a study called Research International Observer (RIO) was mounted to determine the extent by which US-made consumer goods have homogenized consumer tastes and needs around the world. The survey was held at a time when anti-American sentiment was especially strong because of perceived US intervention in the internal affairs of other sovereign nations. It was found that consumer goods that mirror American cultural values are in fact held in high esteem around the world although some may fault American politics and policy (Tait, 2004). A group of respondents in Panama, for example, agreed that however ugly America and its politics are, "all we care about are their brands." The Turkey respondents echoed the same view, saying "our political view has nothing to do with our behavior as consumers." At the rate this language- driven Americanization process is going on, Cohen (2006) and Graddol (2006) indicate that it is only a matter of time before American politics, warts and all, gains the same level of blind acceptance as all made-in-the-USA products. Globalization There is no doubt that such spread of English has political underpinnings, the same way globalization was politically oriented when the rich and powerful nations first embarked on it over 100 years ago. At the start, globalization was called by another name, which was colonization (Thurow & Lessard, 2002). In the poorer countries, the colonizers sought gold mines, oil fields and raw materials that would enhance their wealth. Among the more active colonizing powers in the early days were England, America, France, and Spain. They occupied the poorer countries and effectively enlisted these colonies in the community of nations. In the process, the colonizing powers introduced their colonies to their respective languages to facilitate communication

Sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 19

Sociology - Essay Example On the other hand, there is the individual autonomy. The individual professional autonomy of the physician is not only limited to his/her ability in making clinical decisions and in securing the necessary medical services for patients but it also encompasses the autonomy in pertinent to control over one’s own work, which may include the structure and schedule of the work (Stoddard et al, 2001). In line with this, allied health professions have challenged medicine’s professional autonomy. Currently, physicians’ economic stature is challenged from two sides. One is the increasing income gap between the specialists and the general practitioners and the other is coming from the National Health Services, which now requires doctors to produce job plans for the working week, the presence of preauthorization requirements, reducing their freedom to refer and their employment contract being held by Health Authorities (Harrison & Ahmad, 2000). In the same regard, the politi cal standing of medicine’s professional autonomy has been opposed by the inceptions of governmental guidelines, bodies and policies that allow stronger governmental regulations. This is perceptible in terms of clinical audits, and the creation of governmental bodies like the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE), National Services Frameworks (NSF) and Commission for Health Improvement (CHI), which provide the guidelines and frameworks that, limits medicine’s professional autonomy (Harrison & Ahmad, 2000). Finally, the clinical autonomy of the physician is challenged by the following concept of patient at the centre of care, of the practise of team management of care, which works on the supposition that health care providers are all equally important in rendering health care services, and that clinical decisions ought to be substantiated and justified by external research findings (Harrison & Ahmad, 2000) These

International business (Discussion Board) Assignment - 2

International business (Discussion Board) - Assignment Example According to Lamy, it is also important that the free trade agreements allow the developing countries to import what they are not good ad producing on their own. Allowing countries to trade at what they are not good at will effectively help the development of the countries. These countries can trade what they have for what they do not have, this means carrying out some kind of barter trade. Currently, the revenue these developing countries earn is spent on developing infrastructure such as roads and electricity production. They also offer their citizens social amenities such as educational and medical services. If they are allowed to trade for what they do not have, it will ease the burden on the governments’ shoulder. The governments would essentially trade for goods such as automated machineries for different production industries such as car manufacturing industries. The result will be further increase in their GDP and less dependence on foreign

Analyze the Effects That the Wealthiest Individuals of the Gilded Age Had on America Essay Example for Free

Analyze the Effects That the Wealthiest Individuals of the Gilded Age Had on America Essay As the American Civil War came to an end, an era of phenomenal economic growth was spurred by a second Industrial Revolution. It touched all geographic areas of America, evident in increased farm output and labor efficiency. The magnificent flow of goods generated could be efficiently transported by freshly lain transcontinental railroads made of Bessemer steel. Presiding over these late nineteenth century developments was a new class of extremely wealthy industrialists, the main beneficiaries of the era’s prosperity. They dominated substantial sectors of the new economy such as steel, oil, banking, and rail transportation. While these individuals created and donated outstanding wealth, they also engineered one of American history’s most corrupt and unequally heterogeneous time periods, dubbed the Gilded Age by Mark Twain. Such ambiguity blurs the legacy of these incredible few, who some call â€Å"robber barons† and other call â€Å"captains of industry†. However, neither polarity is completely accurate. The wealthiest Americans during the Gilded Age had both positive and negative effects on American society. While a large group of individuals amassed incredible wealth during the Gilded Age, there existed an even more elite group consisting of individuals that rank among the richest men in history. It included John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, Jay Gould, James Fisk, and J. P. Morgan. To understand their later deeds, one must understand the strikingly similar environments in which these men came of age. For example, all of the aforementioned men were born in the Northeast during the Second Great Awakening, an environment in which principles such as self-discipline, frugality and efficiency were highly valued. Preachers of the time period endorsed the Calvinist view that â€Å"where you find the most religion, you find the most worldly prosperity†, while poverty was considered a condition of the lazy and spiritually weak (Chernow 55). Like many others have done in history, the wealthiest industrialists established religion as the concrete foundation on which they justified their actions. With the exception of J. P. Morgan, the most affluent robber barons also grew up with little material means. Carnegie worked as a bobbin boy at age 14, earning about $1. 20 a week, and Rockefeller picked potatoes for 37 cents a day in his youth (â€Å"Andrew Carnegie†, Chernow 32). These challenging living conditions further instilled frugality and grit inside the destined business leaders of America, qualities that would help them conquer industrial America. Most of the future industrialists also entered the business world in their teenage years. Sixteen-year-old Rockefeller so furtively pursued employment that he visited businesses from early morning to late afternoon six days a week for six weeks until he finally found a job as a bookkeeper (Chernow 44-45). Additionally, they were all in their early twenties when the Civil War began. Amusingly, not one of them enlisted; each hired a replacement for $300 instead (Zinn 255). The young entrepreneurs sought to benefit financially during the war instead of fighting in it, although most supported the Union cause (Chernow 70). The road that each of these extraordinary men walked led them into a monumental era. War raged, new industries boomed, and they had the chance to take advantage of their rapidly changing surroundings. Few in history had as fortuitous opportunities as these men who were born in the right place at the right time. The Civil War gave young industrialists an opportunity to flaunt their business acumen during â€Å"wartime prosperity†. However, with the exception of John D. Rockefeller, who quadrupled his and his associate’s company profits and then bought the company through fair and hard work, their ascent during the period was generally cluttered with acts of questionable morality. In one notorious negotiation, J. P. Morgan bought 5,000 rifles for $3. 50 each and sold them for $22 each to an army general, making a handy $90,000. It was later found that the rifles shot off the thumbs of the soldiers using them. However, no compensation was given because the purchase was an authentic legal contract (Zinn 255). In addition, Jay Gould and James Fisk heftily profited from trading railroad stocks. With inside information, they unfairly beat out rival speculators. James Fisk also commonly sold war commodities for triple their market price to desperate armies (Josephson 66). These young men were still largely in a developmental stage during the Civil War, but their actions during the time period heavily foreshadowed their later actions. Postbellum America was said to be â€Å"the most fertile in American history for chemers and dreamers† (Chernow 97). The young industrialists naturally continued to increase their wealth in the decades after the war with blazing speed, but the actions they made to do so further polluted their legacy and adversely affected American society. Perhaps the most notorious robber baron was John D. Rockefeller. During the war, the twenty-five year old had bought his condescending associates out and then opened Cleveland’s largest oil refinery. â€Å"It was the day that determined my career† he later said (Chernow 87). After the war, Rockefeller sought to further expand his business. He established the Standard Oil Company, a trust with $1 million dollars in capital, with the goal of controlling all of the oil industry (Chernow 134). An action that largely epitomizes his company’s chicanery is the formulation of the South Improvement Company, a collusion with three powerful railroads to increase Standard Oil stakes. Under the SIC, Standard Oil would receive a payment for every barrel of oil shipped by his refineries as well as other refineries, a deal that would discourage railroads to ship oil from refineries outside the SIC, virtually rendering it impossible for small refineries to survive. In exchange, Rockefeller promised to meet a daily shipping quota which would stabilize railroad profits (Chernow 136). When struggling Cleveland refineries heard of the SIC plan, they immediately protested. The plan eventually failed; however, while the plan was intact, Rockefeller bought 22 out of 26 Cleveland refineries in one month, a shopping spree dubbed the Cleveland Massacre (Chernow 145). One Cleveland refiner’s daughter said â€Å"Father went almost insane over this terrible upset to his business. His whole life was embittered by this experience†. Countless similar stories were told as Rockefeller ruthlessly conquered the oil industry by means of horizontal integration. â€Å"The day of combination is here to stay. Individualism has gone, never to return† he said (Chernow 148). Whenever legitimate competition arose, Standard Oil took extreme measures to corral it. When a rival pipeline company threatened Standard Oil’s dominance, Standard Oil hired lawyers to act as farmers and landowners who opposed pipeline construction, bought entire valleys of land, persuaded companies to not sell construction supplies to the rival company, and generously bribed legislatures (Chernow 207-209). Using similar coercive means as well as outright bribery, Rockefeller came to control 95% of the oil industry by 1877, eventually accumulating a fortune that makes him the richest man in American history (Bailey, Kennedy, and Cohen 541, Chernow 505). His success inspired countless business leaders to form trusts that further disproportioned American wealth, hence indirectly harming America socioeconomically on top of his colossal direct harm. Other industrial captains also amassed their fortunes at the expense of others. Railroad builders such as James Hill, Vanderbilt, and the Big Four employed Irish and Chinese workers at the cost of one or two dollars a day. Hours were long and the work was dangerous. In just 1889, 22,000 railroad workers were killed or injured (Zinn 256). The most famous demonstration of railroad labor unrest was the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 which was triggered by wage cuts. 100 people died, and millions of dollars of property was damaged (Carrigan). The steel industry also generated aggrieved workers. Two-thirds of the workers at Andrew Carnegie’s largest steel manufacturing plant, Homestead, earned $1. 40 every 12 hour workday, barely enough to keep a family above the poverty line of $500/year. Asked about working conditions, one Homestead worker said, â€Å"I lost forty pounds the first three months I came into the business. It sweats the life out of a man. I often drink two buckets of water during the twelve hours; the sweat drips through my sleeves, and runs down my legs and fills my shoes† (Reilly 8). The wealthy inequality created by big businesses like Carnegie’s begot class warfare. In 1892, Homestead workers went on strike after the manager decided to cut wages and break the union. When Pinkerton detectives failed to stop the riot, federal troops were called in (Zinn 276). The Gilded Age naturally produced monopolistic big businesses that were owned by immensely wealthy individuals due to the nature of the technological innovations of the time period. They established an unfortunate precedent of greed and â€Å"survival of the fittest† in American society. One must also never forget the hundreds of thousands of forgotten men who toiled twelve hour workdays to enlarge a few men’s coffers. Much like the actions of the Spanish conquistadores, those of the wealthiest industrialists of the Gilded Age are mainly noted for their detrimental effects. However, this Black Legend of the late nineteenth century is not entirely accurate. It is true that greed and inequality loomed over them; however, they also developed the American supereconomy. For example, aided by the Bessemer process, Andrew Carnegie led a dramatic increase in steel production. In 1880, one million tons of steel were produced. By 1910, output reached 25 million tons, largely thanks to Carnegie’s innovative vertical integration (Zinn 254). Incredibly, before the 20th century, Carnegie Steel Company was producing more steel than all of Great Britain (Roark, Johnson, and Cohen 633). Rockefeller also utilized his unmatched executive skills to create a remarkably efficient business machine. For example, by applying thirty-nine drops of solder on cans of oil instead of forty, he saved $2,500 a year early in his career. In time, this tweak saved the Standard Oil Company hundreds of thousands of dollars, and Rockefeller constantly sought for such minute enhancements (Chernow 180-181). His genius can be seen in his jaw-dropping wealth; in 1902, his income was $58 million, over a billion dollars in 1996 dollars (Chernow 504). From 1865 to 1900, the American economy grew eightfold, and this was largely thanks to the talents of the industrialists who aided America in becoming the world superpower it is today (Watts). The 19th century industrialists also did not solely harm the common man. For example, Rockefeller’s monopolization of the oil industry ruined many common men, but it benefited even more by making kerosene widely available. This was because of Standard Oil’s foundational principle: â€Å"that the larger the volume the better the opportunities for the economies, and consequently the better the opportunities for giving the public a cheaper product without the dreadful competition† (Chernow 150). Rockefeller accomplished just this, as the price of refined oil was cut in half as a result of his enterprise. Because of Rockefeller, millions could light their homes for a penny an hour, a cost that would be much higher if not for Rockefeller’s dominance (Folsom 83). Perhaps the advances he gave to the common man outweighed his sins against the relatively few in the oil industry. Adhering to the doctrines of Andrew Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth, the wealthiest industrialists donated stupendous amounts of money to charitable causes. In 1911, the Carnegie Corporation was founded, a charitable enterprise with $125 million in starting capital founded by none other than Andrew Carnegie. To this day, it is one of the highest ranked charitable foundations with over $2 billion in assets for education, prevention of deadly conflict, and strengthening of human resources (Traub). As an extremely devout Christian, Rockefeller donated money from his very first paycheck, a fact that renders any extremely stingy and greedy portrayal of him false. â€Å"I have my earliest ledger and when I was only making a dollar a day I was giving five, ten, or twenty-five cents† he said. What distinguished Rockefeller from other great donors was his generous funding of medical research, an interest sparked by his father’s shady career. When asked about building medical facilities, Carnegie once said â€Å"That is Mr. Rockefeller’s specialty. Go see him†. In 1901, the Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research was founded. Its work produced the first American Nobel Prize for medicine (Chernow 478-9). In 1910, Rockefeller fought hookworm on a global scale and within five years, it was nearly eradicated (Chernow 481). In donating to charitable causes, Rockefeller managed his charitable expenditures as he would with Standard Oil. By his death in 1936, he had given away $550 million, making him American society’s greatest philanthropist (Bailey, Kennedy, and Cohen 576). One area that almost all of the late nineteenth century capitalists contributed to was education. Rockefeller himself supported UChicago, Huntington, two Negro colleges, and the famous Tuskegee Institute. Carnegie personally contributed $60 million to the construction of public libraries (Bailey, Kennedy, and Cohen 576). Many others also contributed to America’s education. Cornell, Duke, Vanderbilt, and Stanford were all captains of industry. The colleges that they founded are among America’s top colleges to this day. Largely thanks to the donations of the industrialists, the illiteracy rate fell from 20 percent in 1870 to 11 percent in 1900.. It has been said that â€Å"a free government cannot function successfully if the people are shackled by ignorance† (Bailey, Kennedy, and Cohen 573). Thus, the donations of the wealthiest industrialists have had a profound effect on American society as young men and women in schools and libraries across the country to this day have been influenced by them. During the Gilded Age, the combination of laissez-faire economics, post-war sentiment, and technological innovation led to a spur of rapid change that forever altered the American landscape. The wealthiest industrialists of the time period became wealthy by taking advantage of its developments. In retrospect, late nineteenth century American society can largely be viewed as the results of the influences of the industrialists. The effects had no definitive net impact, but they did forever shape American society.

Silicon Carbide: Structure, Uses and History

Silicon Carbide: Structure, Uses and History 2.1 Silicon Carbide 2.1.1 Historic Overview Silicon carbide as a material that precedes our solar system, travelling through interstellar space for billions of years, generated inside the fiery nuclear hearts of carbon rich red giant stars and in the remnants of supernovae (Davis, 2011). As a synthesized material it was first discovered by the Swedish scientist Jà ¶ns Jacob Berzelius in 1824 during his pursuit to synthesize diamonds. Sixty years later, Eugene and Alfred Cowles, invented the electric smelting furnace in 1885 (Cowles and Cowles, 1885). Edward Goodrich Acheson based on Cowles invention, created the first process to produce SiC (silicon carbide) while experimenting to find an alternative suitable mineral to substitute diamond as an abrasive and cutting material. The synthetic mineral created by the process was characterized by great refractability and hardness (Saddow and Agarwal, 2004). During the production of SiC crystals, Acheson found hexagonal crystals inside his patented reactor and sent a sample to Profes sor B.W. Frazier were it was discovered that although the crystals were all made from the same substance their crystalline structure differed (Acheson, 1893, p.287). Later, in 1905 Henri Moissan discovered natural SiC crystal inside a meteorite thus the mineralogist community named the mineral moissanite (Saddow and Agarwal, 2004). In 1907, was the year were the first Light Emitting Diode (LED) was produced by H.J. Round, when by placing contacts on a SiC crystal and applying 10V, yellow, green and orange luminescence was observed at the cathode (Brezeanu, 2005). Decades later, a renewal of interest surrounding SiC emmerged when the seeded sublimation growth invented by Tairov and Tsvetkov (1978) made the creation of SiC wafers a reality, thus giving the material the opportunity to be studied for electronic applications. Three years later, Matsunami, Nishino and Ono (1981) showed that the creation of a single crystal of SiC on a Si substrate was feasible increasing the number and va riety of possible applications even more. A huge milestone occurred in 1987 when through the use of â€Å"step controlled epitaxy†, high quality epitaxy of SiC could be made at low temperature on off-axis substrates (Kuroda et al., 1987). Based on this breakthrough Cree Inc. was founded in 1989, and manufactured the first commercial blue LEDs based on SiC along with the production of SiC wafers. 2.2.2 Crystal structure polytypes and characteristics 4. Examples of applications of CDC (Carbide derived Carbon) The multiple nanostructures that CDC presents, makes it a strong candidate to be implemented in numerous potential applications. In their paper, Presser, Heon and Gogotsi (2011) delineate the major research fields for future applications that CDC is currently attracting. In particular, these fields are: (1) The creation of Graphene based electronic devices (2) CDC as a new electrode material for supercapacitors (3) The use of CDC in fuel cells as a gas storage (e.g. hydrogen, methane) (4) CDC application in tribological coatings (5) Pt catalyst on CDC support (6) Protein sorption using CDC . Apart from the aforementioned fields another application area under research is to use CDC for CDI (capacitive deionization) of water or for desalination. The following chapters will give an extensive view of the research done on these fields although the main focus is the . 4.1 Graphene based electronic devices In 2003, (Dimitrijev and Jamet) published a paper were they stated that â€Å"Although SiC offers substantial advantages over Si, in terms of physical properties and thermal stability, it cannot compete Si devices in the areas of low cost, functional density, and moderate temperature applications. However, SiC has created its own applications niche where its unique material properties high electric breakdown field, high thermal conductivity, and high saturated electron drift velocity give this material significant advantages†. Since then, major manufacturers of SiC wafers such as Cree Inc., broke the 500$ barrier per wafer and made SiC accessible for researchers and the industry for optoelectronic devices (EE-Times, 1999) along with the introduction of 150 mm 4H SiC wafer in 2012 (Cree Inc., 2012). The previous breakthroughs made SiC a cheap precursor for the growth of epitaxial graphene. Grapse gia to pos to ftiaxnoume apo to prohgoumeno kefalaio. The intermediate product o f Si sublimation from SiC is CDC were further process gives monolayer or multilayers of graphene. An application under research and a proposed manufacturing method, is the creation of flexible transparent electrodes for screens due to the flexibility, high electrical conductivity and strength of the material (Bae et al., 2010). Studies have shown that CDC is a powerful selective sorbent for a number of molecules due to the variety of sizes its porosity exhibits (Nikitin and Gogotsi, 2004, p. 533) and is suitable for applications such as the removal of toxins or cytokines from human blood (Yushin et al., 2006). Another field of application is the removal of toxic compounds from water or the capacitive deionization (CDI) of water. Particularly, according to (Zou et al., 2008) the ordered mesoporosity of CDC used as an electrode material for electrosorptive deionization is a more effective way of removing salt from water, when compared with the salt-removing capability of activated carbon. The explanation is that activated carbon materials contain randomly arranged mesopores and micropores were ordered mesoporous carbon contains predominately ordered mesopores that increase the capacity to desalinate water. Another example is the usage of CDC as catalyst supports for fuel cells (Jerome, 2005) References Acheson, E.G. (1893) Carborundum: Its history, manufacture and uses, Journal of the Franklin Institute, 136(4), pp. 279 289. Bae, S., Kim, H., Lee, Y., Xu, X., Park, J.S., Zheng, Y., Balakrishnan, J., Lei, T., Kim, H.R., Song, Y.I., Kim, Y.J., Kim, K.S., Ozyilmaz, B., Ahn, J.H., Hong, B.H. and Iijima, S. (2010) Roll-to-roll production of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes, Nature nanotechnology, 5(8), pp. 574-578. Brezeanu, G. (2005) Silicon carbide (SiC): a short history. an analytical approach for SiC power device design. Available at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=1558796 (Accessed: 7/31/2014 2014). 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(1987) Extended Abstracts of the 19th Conf. on Solid State Devices and Materials, Tokyo, Japan, 1987. , 227. Matsunami, H., Nishino, S. and Ono, H. (1981) Heteroepitaxial growth of cubic silicon carbide on foreign substrates, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 28(10), pp. 1235 1236. Nikitin, A. and Gogotsi, Y. (2004) Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Vol. 7. Valencia, CA: American Scientific Publishers. Presser, V., Heon, M. and Gogotsi, Y. (2011) Carbide-Derived Carbons From Porous Networks to Nanotubes and Graphene, Advanced Functional Materials, 21(5), pp. 810-833. Saddow, S.E. and Agarwal, A. (eds.) (2004) Advances in Silicon Carbide Processing an Applications. Boston: Artech House Inc. Tairov, Y.M. and Tsvetkov, V.F. (1978) Investigation of growth processes of ingots of silicon carbide single crystals, Journal of Crystal Growth, 43(2), pp. 209 212. Yushin, G., Hoffman, E.N., Barsoum, M.W., Gogotsi, Y., Howell, C.A., Sandeman, S.R., Phillips, G.J., Lloyd, A.W. and Mikhalovsky, S.V. (2006) Mesoporous carbide-derived carbon with porosity tuned for efficient adsorption of cytokines, Biomaterials, 27(34), pp. 5755 5762. Zou, L., Li, L., Song, H. and Morris, G. (2008) Using mesoporous carbon electrodes for brackish water desalination, Water research, 42(8-9), pp. 2340-2348.